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Perspective-taking takes place when an individual views a situation from another's point-of-view. [1] [13] Perspective-taking has been defined along two dimensions: perceptual and conceptual. [14] Perceptual perspective-taking is the ability to understand how another person experiences things through their senses (i.e. visually or auditorily). [14]
The results showed that children as young as three-years-old were able to perform well, and they showed evidence of perspective-taking, [10] the ability to understand a situation from an alternate point of view. Hence, evaluation of Piaget's Three Mountain Problem has shown that using objects more familiar to the child and making the task less ...
Robert Selman developed his developmental theory of role-taking ability based on four sources. [4] The first is the work of M. H. Feffer (1959, 1971), [5] [6] and Feffer and Gourevitch (1960), [7] which related role-taking ability to Piaget's theory of social decentering, and developed a projective test to assess children's ability to decenter as they mature. [4]
Empathy is generally described as the ability to take on another person's perspective, to understand, feel, and possibly share and respond to their experience. [1] [2] [3] There are more (sometimes conflicting) definitions of empathy that include but are not limited to social, cognitive, and emotional processes primarily concerned with understanding others.
According to the looking-glass self, how you see yourself depends on how you think others perceive you. The term looking-glass self was created by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, [1] and introduced into his work Human Nature and the Social Order.
Empirical studies conducted by social psychologist Daniel Batson demonstrate that one feels empathic concern when one adopts the perspective of another person in need. His work emphasizes the different emotions evoked when imagining another situation from a self-perspective or imagining from another perspective. [ 14 ]
In other words, they were capable of cognitive perspective-taking. However, the mountains test has been criticized for judging only the child's visuo-spatial awareness, rather than egocentrism. A follow-up study involving police dolls showed that even young children were able to correctly say what the interviewer would see. [18]
Robert L. Selman (born May 7, 1942) is an American-born educational psychologist and perspective-taking theorist who specializes in adolescent social development. [1] He is currently a professor of Education and Human Development at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and a professor of psychology in Medicine at Harvard University. [2]