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The history of Poland spans over a thousand years, from medieval tribes, Christianization and monarchy; through Poland's Golden Age, expansionism and becoming one of the largest European powers; to its collapse and partitions, two world wars, communism, and the restoration of democracy.
Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-135-92694-6. "Poland". Political Chronology of Europe. Europa Publications. 2003. pp. 183– 191. ISBN 978-1-135-35687-3. Harold B. Segel (2003). "Chronology of Major Political Events, 1944-2002: Poland". Columbia Guide to the Literatures of Eastern Europe Since 1945 ...
Poland's Bronze- and Iron-Age cultures are known mainly from archeological research. Poland's Early Bronze Age cultures began around 2300-2400 BC, [4] whereas the Iron Age commenced c. 700-750 BC. [5] By the beginning of the Common Era, the Iron Age archeological cultures described in the main article no longer existed.
The Cambridge History of Poland (two vols., 1941–1950) online edition vol 1 to 1696 Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine; Butterwick, Richard, ed. The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500-1795. Palgrave, 2001. 249 pp. online edition Archived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine; Davies, Norman.
In 1402, Poland and Bohemia reached an agreement, by which Poland was to buy and re-incorporate the previously lost territories of north-western Greater Poland, northern Lubusz Land and parts of Pomerania, which were since ruled as the New March, [53] from 1373 within the Bohemian Crown Lands, but eventually the Bohemian rulers sold the area to ...
In the 10th century independent kingdoms were established in Central Europe including Poland and the newly settled Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Croatia also appeared in the Balkans. The subsequent period, ending around 1000, saw the further growth of feudalism, which weakened the Holy Roman Empire.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [c] and also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, [d] [9] [10] was a federative real union [11] between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.
Poland, [d] officially the Republic of Poland, [e] is a country in Central Europe.It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia [f] to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west.