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Crackles are the clicking, rattling, or crackling noises that may be made by one or both lungs of a human with a respiratory disease during inhalation, and occasionally during exhalation. They are usually heard only with a stethoscope ("on auscultation"). Pulmonary crackles are abnormal breath sounds that were formerly referred to as rales. [2]
Respiratory sounds, also known as lung sounds or breath sounds, are the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. [1] These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral characteristics of lung sounds. [2]
Subcutaneous emphysema has a characteristic crackling-feel to the touch, a sensation that has been described as similar to touching warm Rice Krispies. [2] This sensation of air under the skin is known as subcutaneous crepitation, a form of crepitus. Numerous etiologies of subcutaneous emphysema have been described.
While a death rattle is a strong indication that someone is near death, [2] it can also be produced by other problems that cause interference with the swallowing reflex, such as brain injuries. [ 3 ] It is sometimes misinterpreted as the sound of the person choking to death or gargling .
On application of expiratory force, pressure rises inside the chest forcing blood out of the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium. This causes a mild rise in stroke volume during the first few seconds of the maneuver. Reduced venous return and compensation Return of systemic blood to the heart is impeded by the pressure inside the chest.
The normal relaxed state of the lung and chest is partially empty. Further exhalation requires muscular work. Inhalation is an active process requiring work. [4] Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing is breathing ...
Mouth-to-face - Used on both animal muzzles and infants under 2, as this forms the most effective seal on both the mouth and nostrils; Mouth-to-mask – Most organisations recommend the use of some sort of barrier between rescuer and patient to reduce cross infection risk. One popular type is the 'pocket mask'.
SIPE is estimated to occur in 1-2% of competitive open-water swimmers, with 1.4% of triathletes, [2] 1.8% of combat swimmers and 1.1% of divers and swimmers [4] reported in the literature. Fatal cases can be mistaken for drowning because in both SIPE and drowning the lungs are heavy and filled with fluid, so post mortem findings may be similar.