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In mathematics and statistics, a circular mean or angular mean is a mean designed for angles and similar cyclic quantities, such as times of day, and fractional parts of real numbers. This is necessary since most of the usual means may not be appropriate on angle-like quantities.
A trimorphic number or spherical number occurs when the polynomial function is () =. [1] All automorphic numbers are trimorphic. The terms circular and spherical were formerly used for the slightly different case of a number whose powers all have the same last digit as the number itself.
sum with circular rotation SYSV checksum (Unix) 16 bits sum with circular rotation sum8 8 bits sum Internet Checksum: 16 bits sum (ones' complement) sum24 24 bits sum sum32 32 bits sum fletcher-4: 4 bits sum fletcher-8: 8 bits sum fletcher-16: 16 bits sum fletcher-32: 32 bits sum Adler-32: 32 bits sum xor8: 8 bits sum Luhn algorithm: 1 decimal ...
Having a constant diameter, measured at varying angles around the shape, is often considered to be a simple measurement of roundness.This is misleading. [3]Although constant diameter is a necessary condition for roundness, it is not a sufficient condition for roundness: shapes exist that have constant diameter but are far from round.
The usefulness of the von Mises distribution is twofold: it is the most mathematically tractable of all circular distributions, allowing simpler statistical analysis, and it is a close approximation to the wrapped normal distribution, which, analogously to the linear normal distribution, is important because it is the limiting case for the sum ...
[1] [2] For example, 1193 is a circular prime, since 1931, 9311 and 3119 all are also prime. [3] A circular prime with at least two digits can only consist of combinations of the digits 1, 3, 7 or 9, because having 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 as the last digit makes the number divisible by 2, and having 0 or 5 as the last digit makes it divisible by 5. [4]
In probability theory and directional statistics, the von Mises distribution (also known as the circular normal distribution or the Tikhonov distribution) is a continuous probability distribution on the circle. It is a close approximation to the wrapped normal distribution, which is the circular analogue of the normal distribution.
In probability and statistics, a circular distribution or polar distribution is a probability distribution of a random variable whose values are angles, usually taken to be in the range [0, 2π). [1] A circular distribution is often a continuous probability distribution , and hence has a probability density , but such distributions can also be ...