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In engineering, span is the distance between two adjacent structural supports (e.g., two piers) of a structural member (e.g., a beam). Span is measured in the horizontal direction either between the faces of the supports (clear span) or between the centers of the bearing surfaces (effective span): [1] A span can be closed by a solid beam or by ...
Double tee structure is an alternative for short to medium spans between 40 and 90 feet (12 and 27 m). There are many standards such as double-tee beam of Texas Department of Transportation and the Northeast Extreme Tee (NEXT) Beam of the Northeast. [8] A benefit of using double tees for bridge replacements is to shorten the construction time.
Historically, roof pitch was designated in two other ways: A ratio of the ridge height to the width of the building (span) [6] and as a ratio of the rafter length to the width of the building. [7] Commonly used roof pitches were given names such as: Greek: the ridge height is 1 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 7 the span (an angle of 12.5° to 16°);
Gable (ridged, dual-pitched, peaked, saddle, pack-saddle, saddleback, [5] span roof [6]): A simple roof design shaped like an inverted V. Cross gabled: The result of joining two or more gabled roof sections together, forming a T or L shape for the simplest forms, or any number of more complex shapes.
Key: 1: queen posts, 2: tie beam, 3: straining beam, 4: principal rafters. A queen post truss has two principal rafters and two vertical queen posts. [5] The queen post truss extends the span, and combined with spliced joints in the longer members extends the useful span for trusses of these types.
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Tables are available to allow easy selection of a suitable steel I-beam size for a given applied load. I-beams may be used both as beams and as columns. I-beams may be used both on their own, or acting compositely with another material, typically concrete. Design may be governed by any of the following criteria:
Purlin plates are beams which support the mid-span of rafters and are supported by posts. By supporting the rafters they allow longer spans than the rafters alone could span, thus allowing a wider building. Purlin plates are very commonly found in large old barns in North America.