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Spinal stenosis may also affect the cervical or thoracic region, in which case it is known as cervical spinal stenosis or thoracic spinal stenosis. Lumbar spinal stenosis can cause pain in the low back or buttocks, abnormal sensations, and the absence of sensation (numbness) in the legs, thighs, feet, or buttocks, or loss of bladder and bowel ...
Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. [6] Symptoms may include pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs. [1] Symptoms are typically gradual in onset and improve with leaning forward. [1]
[18] This is especially true for cases of occult tethered cord, where the patient has the symptoms of tethered cord syndrome but MRI reveals the conus to be above the L2 level. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Clinical evaluation may include a simple rectal examination and may also include invasive or non-invasive urological examination .
In human anatomy, the five vertebrae are between the rib cage and the pelvis.They are the largest segments of the vertebral column and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process (since it is only found in the cervical region) and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body (as found only in the thoracic region).
However, because the severity of symptoms does not correlate well with the degree of stenosis and nerve root compression, a clear understanding of the specific pathogenesis remains challenging. [ 7 ] It is currently unknown which exact cellular mechanisms within the body causes the pain of NC as a response to the compression of spinal nerves.
Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1] Onset may be rapid or gradual. [1] The cause is usually a disc herniation in the lower region of the back. [1] Other causes include spinal stenosis, cancer, trauma, epidural abscess, and epidural hematoma.
Often, the symptoms of degenerative disc disease can be treated without surgery. One or a combination of treatments such as physical therapy , anti-inflammatory medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , traction , or epidural steroid injection can provide adequate relief of troubling symptoms.
It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. [1] [2] The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined, however, its corresponding spinal cord segments are usually S1–S5. After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue to branch out diagonally, forming the cauda equina. [1]