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less is a terminal pager program on Unix, Windows, and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is similar to more, but has the extended capability of allowing both forward and backward navigation through the file.
The command supports several options via flags. It can be configured to issue a message using -p instead of needing to use the echo command. It can also superficially hide text using the -s flag, limit the amount of characters with -n, store the result in an array with -a, and timeout after a certain amount of time with -t.
Most major BSD and Linux distributions use a free, open-source reimplementation which was written in 1986–87 by Ian Darwin [3] from scratch; it keeps file type information in a text file with a format based on that of the System V version.
The user then presses Return or ↵ Enter to run the command or open the file. Command-line completion is useful in several ways, as illustrated by the animation accompanying this article. Commonly accessed commands, especially ones with long names, require fewer keystrokes to reach.
Bash executes these files as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup.
Command Prompt, a CLI shell in Windows Bash, a widely adopted Unix shell A command-line interface (CLI) is an operating system shell that uses alphanumeric characters typed on a keyboard to provide instructions and data to the operating system, interactively.
For most file systems, a program initializes access to a file in a file system using the open system call. This allocates resources associated to the file (the file descriptor), and returns a handle that the process will use to refer to that file. In some cases the open is performed by the first access.
GNU Readline is a software library that provides in-line editing and history capabilities for interactive programs with a command-line interface, such as Bash.It is currently maintained by Chet Ramey as part of the GNU Project.