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Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure used to reduce the risk of stroke from carotid artery stenosis (narrowing the internal carotid artery). In endarterectomy , the surgeon opens the artery and removes the plaque.
Asymptomatic patients: severity of carotid artery stenosis, assessment of other medical conditions, life expectancy, and other individual factors; evaluation of the risks versus benefits; and patient preference are considered when determining whether surgical intervention should be performed.
Baroreflex activation therapy is an approach to treating high blood pressure and the symptoms of heart failure. It uses an implanted device to electrically stimulate baroreceptors in the carotid sinus region. This elicits a reflex response through the sympathetic and vagal nervous systems that reduces blood pressure.
Based on the BASIL trial, the ACCF/AHA guidelines recommend balloon angioplasty only for patients with a life expectancy of 2 years or less or those who do not have an autogenous vein available. For patients with a life expectancy greater than 2 of years life, or who have an autogenous vein, a bypass surgery could be performed first. [8]
Carotid artery stenting is an endovascular procedure where a stent is deployed within the lumen of the carotid artery to treat narrowing of the carotid artery and decrease the risk of stroke. It is used to treat narrowing of the carotid artery in high-risk patients, when carotid endarterectomy is considered too risky.
Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage"), is a surgical procedure to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), the buildup of plaques in the arteries of the heart. It can relieve chest pain caused by CAD, slow the
Due to the increased energy demands of a single-ventricle heart, they often require higher caloric intake. Slow weight gain can impact readiness for the Glenn procedure. [29] Heart Failure: The single ventricle must support both systemic and pulmonary circulation, which can lead to heart failure if demands exceed functional capacity. [30]
Although HCM may be asymptomatic, affected individuals may present with symptoms ranging from mild to critical heart failure and sudden cardiac death at any point from early childhood to seniority. [ 15 ] [ 40 ] HCM is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes in the United States, and the most common genetic cardiovascular ...