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Program execution; General concepts; Code; Translation. Compiler. Compile time; Optimizing compiler; Intermediate representation (IR); Execution. Runtime system. Runtime
Many other runtime errors exist and are handled differently by different programming languages, such as division by zero errors, domain errors, array subscript out of bounds errors, arithmetic underflow errors, several types of underflow and overflow errors, and many other runtime errors generally considered as software bugs which may or may ...
Notable early examples of runtime systems are the interpreters for BASIC and Lisp. These environments also included a garbage collector . Forth is an early example of a language designed to be compiled into intermediate representation code; its runtime system was a virtual machine that interpreted that code.
However, dynamic compilation can still technically have compilation errors, [citation needed] although many programmers and sources may identify them as run-time errors. Most just-in-time compilers, such as the Javascript V8 engine, ambiguously refer to compilation errors as syntax errors since they check for them at run time. [1] [2]
For example, many languages include runtime bounds checking and a way to handle out-of-bounds conditions instead of crashing. A compiled language allows for detecting some typos (such as a misspelled identifier) before runtime which is earlier in the software development process than for an interpreted language.
Many programming languages have mechanisms designed to avoid segmentation faults and improve memory safety. For example, Rust employs an ownership-based [2] model to ensure memory safety. [3] Other languages, such as Lisp and Java, employ garbage collection, [4] which avoids certain classes of memory errors that could lead to segmentation ...
Runtime verification, if used in combination with provably correct recovery code, can provide an invaluable infrastructure for program verification, which can significantly lower the latter's complexity. For example, formally verifying heap-sort algorithm is very challenging.
DynInst is a runtime code-patching library that is useful in developing dynamic program analysis probes and applying them to compiled executables. Dyninst does not require source code or recompilation in general, however, non-stripped executables and executables with debugging symbols are easier to instrument.