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The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (1988); a standard scholarly study. online; Bentley, George R. A History of the Freedmen's Bureau (1955) a scholarly history; online; Brazzell, Johnetta Cross. "Bricks without straw: Missionary-sponsored Black higher education in the post-emancipation era." Journal of Higher Education 63.1 (1992 ...
In response, Congress passed the second Morrill Act of 1890, also known as the Agricultural College Act of 1890, requiring states to establish a separate land grant college for blacks if blacks were being excluded from the existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded by states to satisfy the Second Morrill Act. [28]
All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Concordia College Alabama: Selma: Alabama: 1922 2018 Private [e] Known as "Alabama Lutheran Academy and Junior College" until 1981; It was the only historically black college among the ten colleges and universities in the Concordia University System. The college ceased ...
Throughout the first half of the 20th century there were several efforts to combat school segregation, but few were successful. A rare success story was the Berwyn School Fight in Pennsylvania, in which the NAACP and Raymond Pace Alexander helped the Black community reintegrate local schools. [10]
Anderson, James D. "Northern foundations and the shaping of southern Black rural education, 1902–1935." History of Education Quarterly 18.4 (1978): 371–396. Anderson, James D. The education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (U of North Carolina Press, 2010). online; Bond, Horace Mann. Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel ...
Freedman school, missions and churches were some of the first few spaces enslaved people were encouraged to start school. The intentions of these institutions were muffled (See Freedmen's Bureau). Such exposure to education allowed others to see the benefits of educated enslaved people. The uplift led to the establishment of separate schooling.
Upon the founding of this school, he prepared a short set of essays which were published in the book, What Black Educators Are Saying, edited by Nathan Wright Jr. and published in 1970. [18] This essay includes much of Churchville's thoughts on the state of the Black Power movement as well as his ideas for the pedagogy of his new Freedom School.
Ronald E. Butchart of State University College of New York, Cortland stated that the book "is the first substantial regional study of black education since Henry Allen Bullock's A History of Negro Education in the South " (1967). [1] Harold D. Woodman of Purdue University described Anderson's historical approach as "sharply revisionist". [2]