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The outermost walls with their integrated bastions and wall towers together make up the enceinte or main defensive line enclosing the site. In medieval designs of castle and town, the curtain walls were often built to a considerable height and were fronted by a ditch or moat to make assault difficult.
Western tower of the Greek & Islamic town wall, Alexandria, Egypt Western tower, remains of the Hellenistic & Islamic city wall, Alexandria, Egypt Western tower of the Greek town wall, Alexandria, Egypt. Citadel of Qaitbay, Alexandria; Fortification of Bab Rosetta, Alexandria [27] Qaitbey Citadel, Rosetta (known as Fort Julien)
The enceinte may be laid out as a freestanding structure or combined with buildings adjoining the outer walls. [4] The enceinte not only provided passive protection for the areas behind it, but was usually an important component of the defence with its wall walks (often surmounted by battlements), embrasures and covered firing positions.
Ceiling in Qaitbay Citadel, Alexandria Side view of Qaitbay Citadel. The Citadel of Qaitbay (or the Fort of Qaitbay; Arabic: قلعة قايتباي) is a 15th-century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean sea coast, in Alexandria, Egypt. It was built from 1477 to 1479 AD (882–884 AH) by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay. [2]
It is located on Alexandria's ancient acropolis—a modest hill located adjacent to the city's Arab cemetery—and was originally part of a temple colonnade. Including its pedestal , it is 30 m (99 ft) high; the shaft is of polished red granite, 2.7 m (8.9 ft) in diameter at the base, tapering to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) at the top.
Corner towers enfilade the two adjoining wall faces. If corner towers are far apart, additional flanking towers may be added between them. Towers in an outer curtain wall are often open at the back. Particularly large towers are often the strongest point of the castle: the keep or the bergfried. As the gate is always a vulnerable point of a ...
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Pharos was a small island located on the western edge of the Nile Delta.In 332 BC, Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria on an isthmus opposite Pharos. . Alexandria and Pharos were later connected by a mole [6] spanning more than 1,200 metres (0.75 miles), which was called the Heptastadion ("seven stadia"—a stadion was a Greek unit of length measuring approximate