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URL is a useful but informal concept: a URL is a type of URI that identifies a resource via a representation of its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location"), rather than by some other attributes it may have. [19] As such, a URL is simply a URI that happens to point to a resource over a network.
An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a form of URL that includes Unicode characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path. [18] [19] The domain name in the IRI is known as an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN).
Other uses of URL shortening are to "beautify" a link, track clicks, or disguise the underlying address. This is because the URL shortener can redirect to just about any web domain, even malicious ones. So, although disguising of the underlying address may be desired for legitimate business or personal reasons, it is open to abuse. [2]
The character sequence of two slash characters (//) after the string file: denotes that either a hostname or the literal term localhost follows, [3] although this part may be omitted entirely, or may contain an empty hostname. [4] The single slash between host and path denotes the start of the local-path part of the URI and must be present. [5]
A URL will often comprise a path, script name, and query string. The query string parameters dictate the content to show on the page, and frequently include information opaque or irrelevant to users—such as internal numeric identifiers for values in a database , illegibly encoded data, session IDs , implementation details, and so on.
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The domain name of the server (for virtual hosting), and the TCP port number on which the server is listening. The port number may be omitted if the port is the standard port for the service requested. Mandatory since HTTP/1.1. [17] If the request is generated directly in HTTP/2, it should not be used. [18]
On POSIX systems, local-domain numbers 0 and 1 are for user ids and group ids respectively, and other local-domain numbers are site-defined. [8] On non-POSIX systems, all local domain numbers are site-defined. The ability to include a 40-bit domain/identifier in the UUID comes with a tradeoff.