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The type of bathing is specified in Leviticus 11:36, which states that "a spring, or a cistern, a gathering (mikveh) of water" is a source of purity. A mikveh must be built into the ground or built as an essential part of a building.
According to Herbert G. May, chief editor of two classic Bible-related reference books, the bath may be archaeologically determined to have been about 22 liters (5.75 US gal) from a study of jar remains marked 'bath' and 'royal bath' from Tell Beit Mirsim. [38] Based on this, a Revi'ith would measure (approx.) 76 ml or 2.7 fluid oz.
The Mikveh in the Bible is a bath used for the purpose of ritual immersion. The word is employed in its broader sense but generally means a collection of water. [ 41 ] Several biblical regulations specify that full immersion in water is required to regain ritual purity after ritually impure incidents have occurred. [ 42 ]
The contrasting Hebrew noun ṭaharah (טָהֳרָה ) describes a state of ritual purity that qualifies the ṭahor (טָהוֹר ; ritually pure person or object) to be used for kedushah. The most common method of achieving ṭaharah is by the person or object being immersed in a mikveh (ritual bath).
In Judaism, ritual washing, or ablution, takes two main forms. Tevilah (טְבִילָה) is a full body immersion in a mikveh, and netilat yadayim is the washing of the hands with a cup (see Handwashing in Judaism). References to ritual washing are found in the Hebrew Bible, and are elaborated in the Mishnah and Talmud.
Bathsheba at Her Bath (or Bathsheba with King David's Letter) is an oil painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt (1606–1669), finished in 1654. A depiction that is both sensual and empathetic, it shows a moment from the Old Testament story related in 2 Samuel 11 in which King David sees Bathsheba bathing and, entranced, impregnates her. [ 1 ]
Although the term "baptism" is not today used to describe the Jewish rituals (in contrast to New Testament times, when the Greek word baptismos did indicate Jewish ablutions or rites of purification), [1] [2] the purification rites (or mikvah—ritual immersion) in Jewish law and tradition are similar to baptism, and the two have been linked.
According to the Gospel of John, Bethesda was a bathing pool (Greek: κολυμβήθρα, kolumbethra) with five porticoes (translated as porches by older English Bible translations). [12] [13] Until the 19th century, there was no clear archaeological evidence for the existence of such a pool.