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Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
Women jogging along Morro Strand State Beach, California, U.S.. Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time.
The proper length of the first lane of a competitive running track is 400 m (1,312.3 ft). Some tracks are not built to this specification, instead being a legacy to imperial distances such as 440 yd (402.336 m), equivalent to a quarter of a mile.
For example, running a long distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise, but sprinting is not. Playing singles tennis, with near-continuous motion, is generally considered aerobic activity, while activities with brief bursts of energetic movement within longer periods of casual movement may not be aerobic.
The history of sport psychology dates back to almost 200 years ago, with Carl Friedrich Koch's (1830) publication of Calisthenics from the Viewpoint of Dietetics and Psychology. The first psychology laboratory was established back in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, this is where the first experiments of sport psychology were first conducted.
The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross-country running, and racewalking. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position (or time, where measured), while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts.
Running can assist people in losing weight, staying in shape and improving body composition. Research suggests that the person of average weight will burn approximately 100 calories per mile run. [61] Running increases one's metabolism, even after running; one will continue to burn an increased level of calories for a short time after the run. [62]
Track events were measured with the metric system except for the United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively. The Amateur Athletic Association (AAU) [citation needed] decided to switch track and field in the U.S. to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent.