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Normally unpainted, the kōshi of hanamachi (geisha and oiran communities) were frequently painted in bengara (紅殻), a vermillion or red ochre color. The façade of the second story of a machiya is generally not made of wood, but of earthwork, with a distinctive style of window known as mushiko mado (虫籠窓, lit. ' insect cage window '). [9]
Minka (Japanese: 民家, lit. "folk houses") are vernacular houses constructed in any one of several traditional Japanese building styles. In the context of the four divisions of society , Minka were the dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants (i.e., the three non- samurai castes ). [ 1 ]
Toichiro Nakashima in 1967. Shokuhin Kogyo Co. Ltd. 食品工業株式会社 was founded in Nakano, Tokyo in 1919 by Toichiro Nakashima. [2] He had previously worked in the United States for three years as an intern for the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, where he first encountered mayonnaise and the Kewpie doll that became his emblem. [3]
That same year, a survey carried out by the Japanese economic planning agency showed that 62.3 per cent of the Japanese population owned a detached two-storeyed house. [ 8 ] In the 1980s, a new home in Japan cost 5-8 times the annual income of the average Japanese, and 2-3 times that of an average American. [ 9 ]
The traditional colors of Japan trace their historical origins to the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System which was established in 603 by Prince Shōtoku and based on the five Chinese elements. In this system, rank and social hierarchy were displayed and determined by certain colors.
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Ando's interpretation of this was demonstrated by his idea of reacquainting the Japanese house with nature, a relationship he thought had been lost with Modernist architecture. His first projects were for small urban houses with enclosed courtyards (such as the Azuma House in Ōsaka in 1976).