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The use of glucosinolate-containing crops as primary food source for animals can have negative effects if the concentration of glucosinolate is higher than what is acceptable for the animal in question, because some glucosinolates have been shown to have toxic effects (mainly as goitrogens and anti-thyroid agents) in livestock at high doses. [13]
Viburnum lesquereuxii leaf with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas. Scale bar is 10 mm. Knowledge of herbivory in geological time comes from three sources: fossilized plants, which may preserve evidence of defense (such as spines) or herbivory-related damage; the observation of plant debris in fossilised animal feces; and the structure of herbivore mouthparts.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), also known as rape and oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of mildly toxic erucic acid. [2]
Growers normally place plants 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) apart. [7] Closer spacing reduces the resources available to each plant (especially the amount of light) and increases the time taken to reach maturity. [57] Some varieties of cabbage have been developed for ornamental use; these are generally called "flowering cabbage".
The plant's toxicity has led to the U.S. FDA officially declaring it to be unsafe. Arum maculatum: cuckoo-pint, lords and ladies, jack-in-the-pulpit, wake robin, wild arum, devils and angels, cows and bulls, Adam and Eve, bobbins, starch-root Araceae: All parts of the plant are highly toxic to humans and most animals.
The mustard oil bomb requires the activation of a common plant secondary metabolite, glucosinolate, by an enzyme, myrosinase. The defense complex is typical among plant defenses to herbivory in that the two molecules are stored in different compartments in the leaves of plants until the leaf is torn by an herbivore. [ 1 ]
Brassicaceae (/ ˌ b r æ s ɪ ˈ k eɪ s iː ˌ iː,-s i ˌ aɪ /) or (the older) Cruciferae (/ k r uː ˈ s ɪ f ər i /) [2] is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.
The proteins are toxic to animal cells, presumably attacking the cell membrane and rendering it permeable: this results in the inhibition of sugar uptake and allows potassium and phosphate ions, proteins, and nucleotides to leak from cells. [1] Thionins are mainly found in seeds where they may act as a defence against consumption by animals.