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Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine [1] that covers the study of immune systems [2] in all organisms.. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, [3] immune deficiency, [4] and ...
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology: . Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. [1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency ...
The 8th edition of Janeway's Immunobiology defines tolerance as "immunologically unresponsive...to another's tissues.". [2] Immune tolerance encompasses the range of physiological mechanisms by which the body reduces or eliminates an immune response to particular agents.
The clonal selection theory can be summarised with the following four tenets: Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity (generated by V(D)J recombination).
About 40 of more than 200 HPV strains can spread through anal, oral or vaginal sex. And a dozen of all strains cause cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. These are most associated ...
Alloimmunity is caused by the difference between products of highly polymorphic genes, primarily genes of the major histocompatibility complex, of the donor and graft recipient. These products are recognized by T-lymphocytes and other mononuclear leukocytes which infiltrate the graft and damage it.
They can sometimes cause irritation to your skin, especially if they’re rubbing against clothing or jewelry, she says. Skin tags are generally harmless, but if you notice one pop up on your skin ...