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In this case a new Majorana mass term is added to the Yukawa sector: = (¯ + ¯) where C denotes a charge conjugated (i.e. anti-) particle, and the terms are consistently all left (or all right) chirality (note that a left-chirality projection of an antiparticle is a right-handed field; care must be taken here due to different notations ...
A Feynman diagram (box diagram) for photon–photon scattering: one photon scatters from the transient vacuum charge fluctuations of the other. Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams of light pass through each other unperturbed.
q is any quark, g is a gluon, X is any charged particle, γ is a photon, f is any fermion, m is any particle with mass (with the possible exception of the neutrinos), m B is any boson with mass. In diagrams with multiple particle labels separated by '/', one particle label is chosen.
Here, 1 / 2 σ μν and F μν stand for the Lorentz group generators in the Dirac space, and the electromagnetic tensor respectively, while A μ is the electromagnetic four-potential. An example for such a particle [9] is the spin 1 / 2 companion to spin 3 / 2 in the D (½,1) ⊕ D (1,½) representation space of the ...
where Y W is the weak hypercharge of a particle with electrical charge Q (in elementary charge units) and weak isospin T 3. Weak hypercharge is the generator of the U(1) component of the electroweak gauge group; whereas some particles have a weak isospin of zero, all known spin- 1 / 2 particles have a non-zero weak hypercharge. [f]
Schematic diagram of a parallel plate ion chamber, showing creation of ion pairs, and drift of ions due to electric field. Electrons typically drift 1000 times faster than positive ions due to their smaller mass. [1] Plot of ion current against voltage for a conceptual wire cylinder gaseous radiation detector.
the mass–energy equivalence formula which gives the energy in terms of the momentum and the rest mass of a particle. The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum ; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light c = 1 {\displaystyle c=1} , as p μ p μ ≡ p ...
The radiation weighting conversion factor from absorbed dose to equivalent dose is 1 for gamma, whereas alpha particles have a factor of 20, reflecting their greater ionising effect on tissue. The rad is the deprecated CGS unit for absorbed dose and the rem is the deprecated CGS unit of equivalent dose, used mainly in the USA.