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Official figures put the total number of documentable executions during the years 1937 and 1938 at 681,692, [172] [173] in addition to 116,000 deaths in the Gulag, [1] and 2,000 unofficially killed in non-article 58 shootings; [1] whereas the total estimate of deaths brought about by Soviet repression during the Great Purge ranges from 950,000 ...
According to historian Stephen Wheatcroft, approximately 1 million of these deaths were "purposive" while the rest happened through neglect and irresponsibility. [2] The deaths of at least 5.5 to 6.5 million [14] persons in the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 are sometimes, though not always, included with the victims of the Stalin era. [2] [15]
Estimates of individuals killed range from a low of 10–20 million to as high as 148 million. The concepts of connecting disparate killings to the status of the communist states which committed them, and of trying to ascribe common causes and factors to them, have been both supported and criticized by the academic community.
The first Party purge of the Joseph Stalin era took place in 1929–1930 in accordance with a resolution of the XVI Party Conference. [4] Purges became deadly under Stalin. More than 10 percent of the party members were purged. At the same time, a significant number of new industrial workers joined the Party.
The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [479] In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. [480] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects.
After decades of research in the state archives, most scholars say that Stalin's regime killed between 6 and 9 million, which is considerably less than originally thought, [15] while Nazi Germany killed at least 11 million, which is in line with previous estimates.
For example, Naumenko ignored Tauger's findings of 8.94 million tons of the harvest that had been lost to crop "rust and smut", [41] 4 reductions in grain procurement to Ukraine including a 39.5 million puds reduction in grain procurements ordered by Stalin, [41] and that from Tauger's findings, which are contrary to Naumenko's paper's claims ...
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution.It culminated during the Stalin era, then declined, but it continued to exist during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late ...