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Spinal disc protrusion visible in MRI [ 1 ] A disc protrusion is a medical condition that can occur in some vertebrates , including humans, in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.
The presence of an articular disk also permits a more even distribution of forces between the articulating surfaces of bones, increases the stability of the joint, and aids in directing the flow of synovial fluid to areas of the articular cartilage that experience the most friction. The term "meniscus" has a very similar meaning. [1]
Myelomalacia is a pathological term referring to the softening of the spinal cord. [1] Possible causes of myelomalacia include cervical myelopathy, hemorrhagic infarction, or acute injury, such as that caused by intervertebral disc extrusion.
Since the disc is an avascular structure, it is an ideal environment for the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes bacteria secrete propionic acid, which can dissolve fatty bone marrow and bone. Therefore, it was hypothesized that diffusion of propionic acid from the disc into the vertebrae results in bone oedema, i.e. Modic ...
Spinal decompression is the procedure which reduces pressure on the spinal cord. Spinal decompression is the relief of pressure on the spinal cord or on one or more compressed nerve roots passing through or exiting the spinal column. [1]
Muscle and soft tissue injuries can be classified using a graded system. [4] Grade 1 muscle strain is the least severe with damage to few muscle fibers and little if any loss of function. Grade 2 muscle strain indicates a mild to moderate injury with appreciable tissue damage and some loss of function or strength.
Based on the type of muscles affected, spinal muscular atrophies can be divided into: [citation needed] Proximal spinal muscular atrophies, i.e., conditions that affect primarily proximal muscles; Distal spinal muscular atrophies (which significantly overlap with distal hereditary motor neuronopathies) where they affect primarily distal muscles.
The second disc replacement to achieve wide clinical use was the prodisc total disc replacement; it continues to have worldwide use today. Designed by French orthopedic spine surgeon Thiery Marnay, M.D., in the late 1980s, early implantations of the prodisc device began in 1990, with a 7-11 year follow-up published in 2005.