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Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. [6] It is typically given intravenously or by injection into a muscle. [6]
The 2005 Joint European Resuscitation and Resuscitation Council (UK) guidelines [17] state that atropine is the first-line treatment especially if there were any adverse signs, namely: 1) heart rate < 40 bpm, 2) systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg, 3) signs of heart failure, and 4) ventricular arrhythmias requiring suppression. If these fail to ...
Neurogenic shock is a distributive type of shock resulting in hypotension (low blood pressure), often with bradycardia (slowed heart rate), caused by disruption of autonomic nervous system pathways. [1] It can occur after damage to the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury.
Organophosphate based nerve agent poisoning, such as VX, sarin, tabun, and soman (atropine is favoured in conjunction with an oxime, usually pralidoxime) [6] [7] Anticholinergics generally have antisialagogue effects (decreasing saliva production), and most produce some level of sedation, both being advantageous in surgical procedures. [8] [9]
However, scopolamine has greater effects on the central nervous system (CNS) than atropine due to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. [4] At higher-than-therapeutic doses, atropine and scopolamine cause CNS depression characterized by amnesia, fatigue, and reduction in rapid eye movement sleep.
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
It increases cardiac output and heart rate, lowers blood pressure and dries secretions. [13] It may antagonize serotonin. [14] At comparable doses, hyoscyamine has 98 percent of the anticholinergic power of atropine.
The Bainbridge reflex is most strong when heart rate is low; when heart rate is already high, additional venous return to the right atrium (i.e. additional increases in blood volume) will indirectly cause relatively greater stimulation of arterial baroreceptors which will reduce the heart rate. Thus, the effect of the Bainbridge reflex on heart ...