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The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of trigonometric functions. For antiderivatives involving both exponential and trigonometric functions, see List of integrals of exponential functions. For a complete list of antiderivative functions, see Lists of integrals.
A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.
Since sinc is an even entire function (holomorphic over the entire complex plane), Si is entire, odd, and the integral in its definition can be taken along any path connecting the endpoints. By definition, Si(x) is the antiderivative of sin x / x whose value is zero at x = 0, and si(x) is the antiderivative whose value is zero at x = ∞.
As another example, to find the area of the region bounded by the graph of the function f(x) = between x = 0 and x = 1, one can divide the interval into five pieces (0, 1/5, 2/5, ..., 1), then construct rectangles using the right end height of each piece (thus √ 0, √ 1/5, √ 2/5, ..., √ 1) and sum their areas to get the approximation
If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
The tangent of half an angle is important in spherical trigonometry and was sometimes known in the 17th century as the half tangent or semi-tangent. [2] Leonhard Euler used it to evaluate the integral ∫ d x / ( a + b cos x ) {\textstyle \int dx/(a+b\cos x)} in his 1768 integral calculus textbook , [ 3 ] and Adrien-Marie Legendre described ...
The lemniscate functions sl and cl can be defined as the solution to the initial value problem: [5] = (+ ) , = (+ ) , =, =, or equivalently as the inverses of an elliptic integral, the Schwarz–Christoffel map from the complex unit disk to a square with corners {,,,}: [6]
For a definite integral, one must figure out how the bounds of integration change. For example, as x {\displaystyle x} goes from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to a / 2 , {\displaystyle a/2,} then sin θ {\displaystyle \sin \theta } goes from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to 1 / 2 , {\displaystyle 1/2,} so θ {\displaystyle \theta } goes from 0 {\displaystyle 0 ...