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In electronics and telecommunications, jitter is the deviation from true periodicity of a presumably periodic signal, often in relation to a reference clock signal. In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter. [1] Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communications links.
Jitter is often measured as a fraction of UI. For example, jitter of 0.01 UI is jitter that moves a signal edge by 1% of the UI duration. The widespread use of UI in jitter measurements comes from the need to apply the same requirements or results to cases of different symbol rates. This can be d
The group delay and phase delay properties of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system are functions of frequency, giving the time from when a frequency component of a time varying physical quantity—for example a voltage signal—appears at the LTI system input, to the time when a copy of that same frequency component—perhaps of a different physical phenomenon—appears at the LTI system output.
The 2-sample variance case is a special case of the M-sample variance, which produces an average of the frequency derivative. Allan implicitly uses the 2-sample variance as a base case, since for arbitrary chosen M, values may be transferred via the 2-sample variance to the M-sample variance. No preference was clearly stated for the 2-sample ...
Position vectors r and r′ used in the calculation. Retarded time t r or t′ is calculated with a "speed-distance-time" calculation for EM fields.. If the EM field is radiated at position vector r′ (within the source charge distribution), and an observer at position r measures the EM field at time t, the time delay for the field to travel from the charge distribution to the observer is |r ...
The most straightforward scheme uses a digital counter and a free-running crystal oscillator to time intervals with 1-clock ambiguity, resulting in output edge jitter of one clock period peak-to-peak relative to an asynchronous trigger. This technique is used in the Quantum Composers and Berkeley Nucleonics instruments.
Einstein synchronisation (or Poincaré–Einstein synchronisation) is a convention for synchronising clocks at different places by means of signal exchanges. This synchronisation method was used by telegraphers in the middle 19th century, [citation needed] but was popularized by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein, who applied it to light signals and recognized its fundamental role in ...
This model is now known as the vector Potts model or the clock model. Potts provided the location in two dimensions of the phase transition for q = 3 , 4 {\displaystyle q=3,4} . In the limit q → ∞ {\displaystyle q\to \infty } , this becomes the XY model .