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A nabothian cyst (or nabothian follicle) [1] is a mucus-filled cyst on the surface of the cervix. They are most often caused when stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (portion nearest to the vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (portion nearest to the uterus). This tissue growth can block the cervical ...
After menopause, the uterine structures involute and the functional squamocolumnar junction moves into the cervical canal. [17]: 41 Nabothian cysts (or Nabothian follicles) form in the transformation zone where the lining of metaplastic epithelium has replaced mucous epithelium and caused a strangulation of the outlet of some of the mucous glands.
Cervical stenosis may be present from birth or may be caused by other factors: Surgical procedures performed on the cervix such as colposcopy, cone biopsy, or a cryosurgery procedure [3] Trauma to the cervix [3] Repeated vaginal infections [3] Atrophy of the cervix after menopause [3] Cervical cancer [1] Radiation [1] Cervical nabothian cysts
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. [2] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer.
Normal vaginal discharge is composed of cervical mucus, vaginal fluid, shedding vaginal and cervical cells, and bacteria. [1] The majority of the liquid in vaginal discharge is mucus produced by glands of the cervix. [1] [4] The rest is made up of transudate from the vaginal walls and secretions from glands (Skene's and Bartholin's). [4]
Additionally, hematometra may develop as a complication of uterine or cervical surgery such as endometrial ablation, where scar tissue in the endometrium can "wall off" sections of endometrial glands and stroma causing blood to accumulate in the uterine cavity. [1] It can also develop after abortion, [4] as well as after childbirth.
Female genital disease is a disorder of the structure or function of the female reproductive system that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms, signs, or anatomical changes. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , vagina , and vulva .
There are no specific symptoms of CIN alone. Generally, signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include: [7] abnormal or post-menopausal bleeding; abnormal discharge; changes in bladder or bowel function; pelvic pain on examination; abnormal appearance or palpation of cervix. HPV infection of the vulva and vagina can cause genital warts or be ...