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Section of an industrial distillation tower showing detail of trays with bubble caps. Design and operation of a distillation tower depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the McCabe–Thiele method [41] [50] or the Fenske equation [41] can be used.
Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower. Large-scale industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. [5] Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of ...
Large-scale industrial fractionation towers use reflux to achieve more efficient separation of products. [3] [5] Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in images 3 and 4. Inside the tower, the downflowing reflux liquid provides ...
Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
The concept of theoretical plates in designing distillation processes has been discussed in many reference texts. [2] [3] Any physical device that provides good contact between the vapor and liquid phases present in industrial-scale distillation columns or laboratory-scale glassware distillation columns constitutes a "plate" or "tray". Since an ...
Figure 5: Section of fractionating tower of Figure 4 showing detail of a pair of trays with bubble caps Figure 6: Entire view of a Distillation Column In industrial uses, sometimes a packing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating under vacuum .
It is then heated in a fuel-fired furnace (fired heater) to a temperature of about 398 °C and routed into the bottom of the distillation unit. The cooling and condensing of the distillation tower overhead is provided partially by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil and partially by either an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser.
The crude oil is fed to a stabilizer which is typically a tray or packed tower column that achieves a partial fractionation or distillation of the oil. [4] The heavier components, pentane (C 5 H 12), hexane (C 6 H 14), and higher hydrocarbons (C 7 +), flow as liquid down through the column where the temperature is increasingly higher.