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By 1991, Penang's population had exceeded one million, with mainland Seberang Perai overtaking Penang Island in population at the same time. [20] However, the state's population growth had begun to slow since the 1970s. In 2020, annual population growth was at 1.3%, a reduction from 2.1% in 2010. [1]
Penang Island is physically connected to mainland Seberang Perai by two road bridges – the 13.5 km (8.4 mi) Penang Bridge and the 24 km (15 mi) Second Penang Bridge. [204] Seberang Perai is accessible through the North-South Expressway , a 966 km-long (600 mi) expressway that stretches along the western part of Peninsular Malaysia .
The site, located at the northwestern tip of Penang Island, is known to harbour 417 flora and 143 fauna species. Penang National Park is the first protected area legally gazetted under Malaysia's National Park Act of 1980, signifying the state and federal governments' environmental protection efforts.
It is located off the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Malacca Strait, with the Penang Strait separating the island from Seberang Perai on the mainland. The 295 km 2 (114 sq mi) island makes up approximately 28% of Penang's total land mass and is home to about 45% of the state's population as of 2020. [1]
This is a list of islands of Malaysia. According to the Department of Survey and Mapping, Malaysia, there are 879 islands in the country. The state of Sabah has the most islands with 395 islands within its waters. [1] Apart from that, Malaysia also has 510 offshore geographical features which include rocks, sandbanks and ridges. [2]
Island ecology is the study of island organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. Islands account for nearly 1/6 of earth’s total land area, [1] yet the ecology of island ecosystems is vastly different from that of mainland communities.
677 species of birds have been recorded just on the peninsula, with 794 recorded for the whole of Malaysia. [7] A few are endemic to the mountains of the peninsula, such as the Malayan whistling-thrush. [7] Bornean forests show high levels of endemism among bird species, [2] with 38 species found nowhere else. [5]
Seberang Perai spans the entire mainland portion of Penang. With a total land mass of 747.8 km 2 (288.7 sq mi), Seberang Perai is slightly larger than Singapore . α [ 7 ] The terrain of the city is mostly flat and alluvial , except for the hilly region that lays along its eastern border with Kedah. [ 49 ]