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In the early 1900's, in the US alone, there were several thousand beehive coke ovens employed in making coke. These were typically about 3.6 metres (12 ft) diameter, paired back to back in long banks, enclosed behind an oven high retaining wall and well covered with earth.
The Dunlap coke ovens are the remnants of a coke production facility near Dunlap, in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Built in the early 1900s, the facility consists of five batteries of 268 beehive ovens , which operated under various companies until the early 1920s. [ 1 ]
A coke oven at a smokeless fuel plant, Abercwmboi, South Wales, 1976. The industrial production of coke from coal is called coking. The coal is baked in an airless kiln, a "coke furnace" or "coking oven", at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F). [2]
The function of the "beehive" coke ovens was to purify coal and turn it into coke. The coke was burned in furnaces that produced iron and steel. The site, also known as Cherry Valley Coke Ovens Arboretum, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. An Ohio Historical Marker was added in 1999.
The Chickamauga Coal and Iron Company Coke Ovens are beehive coke ovens that were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. [1] According to their NRHP nomination, the coke ovens are: "Significant in the context of the mining and coke industry that occurred between 1870 and 1930 in southeast Tennessee and northwest Georgia.
The Davis Coal & Coke Company experimented with two of these ovens in 1887, and by 1900, there were over 600 beehive ovens. However, in 1915, a change in mining technology revolutionized the steel-making process, thereby eliminating the need for coke ovens at the mine site.
The beehive-shaped brick ovens are approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) high and 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter, covered with 6 inches (150 mm) of cement with a small hole on top. A protective 10 feet (3.0 m) high sandstone wall that faced the ovens was removed in the late 1940s, resulting in some erosion of the earth covering the ovens.
[3] [5] Its 1900 asset sheet listed 17 blast furnaces, 3256 beehive coke ovens, 120 Solvay coke ovens, 15 red ore mines, [3] as well an extensive network of railroads, although following the panic of 1893 the company shifted its primary interests from railroads to steel. [2]