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cab Cabernet Sauvignon cabriolet caff (UK slang) café cal calorie (in combination, especially "lo-cal") Cal or Cali California Calcutta cam camera camouflage camo camouflage Can Canada or Canadian (in combination)
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
Country codes; e.g., "Switzerland" can indicate the letters CH; ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and Romeo R; Conventional abbreviations for US cities and states: for example, "New York" can indicate NY and "California" CA or CAL. The abbreviation is not always a short form of the word used in the clue. For example:
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in adults MIS-C Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children MJD Machado-Joseph disease: ML mucolipidoses: MLD Metachromatic leukodystrophy: MMA Monomelic amyotrophy: MMR Measles, mumps, rubella: MMRV Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella: MND Motor neuron disease: MODY Maturity-onset diabetes of the young: MOH
It is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using lower case, sometimes starting with a capital letter, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from portmanteaus, which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each.
initialism = an abbreviation pronounced wholly or partly using the names of its constituent letters, e.g., CD = compact disc, pronounced cee dee pseudo-blend = an abbreviation whose extra or omitted letters mean that it cannot stand as a true acronym, initialism, or portmanteau (a word formed by combining two or more words).