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Social polarization is the segregation within a society that emerges when factors such as income inequality, real-estate fluctuations and economic displacement result in the differentiation of social groups from high-income to low-income.
The Jakarta Charter (Indonesian: Piagam Jakarta) was a document drawn up by members of the Indonesian Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) on 22 June 1945 in Jakarta that later formed the basis of the preamble to the Constitution of Indonesia.
The ideal of Pancasila has not effectively translated into a functioning liberal democracy in Indonesia. Instead, Pancasila has become a symbol of Indonesian exceptionalism, embodying the nation's values and identity. Pancasila is open to abuse, which in this case was the invitation to criminalise all kinds of ideologies but Pancasila itself.
Nasakom (Indonesian: Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunisme), which stands for nationalism, religion and communism, was a political concept coined by President Sukarno.This concept prevailed in Indonesia from 1959 during the Guided Democracy Era until the New Order, in 1966.
Political polarization (spelled polarisation in British English, Australian English, and New Zealand English) is the divergence of political attitudes away from the center, towards ideological extremes.
Muhammad Iqbal, then president of the Muslim League in 1930 and address deliverer. The Allahabad Address (Urdu: خطبہ الہ آباد) was a speech by scholar, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, one of the best-known in Pakistani history.
Dato' Seri Dr. Burhanuddin bin Muhammad Nur al-Hilmi (Jawi: برهان الدين بن محمد نور الحلمي; 29 August 1911 – 25 October 1969), [1] commonly known as Burhanuddin al-Helmy, was a Malaysian politician.
The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, lit. 'Basic Law of State of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945', commonly abbreviated as UUD 1945 or UUD '45) is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia.