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Determining the root cause – debugging the bug – can be simple in some cases, where the program will consistently cause a segmentation fault (e.g., dereferencing a null pointer), while in other cases the bug can be difficult to reproduce and depend on memory allocation on each run (e.g., dereferencing a dangling pointer).
The LLDB debugger is known to work on macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows, [4] and supports i386, x86-64, and ARM instruction sets. [5] LLDB is the default debugger for Xcode 5 and later. Android Studio also uses LLDB for debug. [6] LLDB can be used from other IDEs, including Visual Studio Code, [7] C++Builder, [8] Eclipse, [9] and CLion ...
The GDB debugger shows that the immediate value 0x2a is being stored at the location stored in the EAX register, using X86 assembly language. This is an example of register indirect addressing. Printing the low order bits of the address shows that it is not aligned to a word boundary ("dword" using x86 terminology).
The GNU Debugger (GDB) is a portable debugger that runs on many Unix-like systems and works for many programming languages, including Ada, Assembly, C, C++, D, Fortran, Haskell, Go, Objective-C, OpenCL C, Modula-2, Pascal, Rust, [2] and partially others.
If the memory has been reallocated to another process, then attempting to dereference the dangling pointer can cause segmentation faults (UNIX, Linux) or general protection faults (Windows). If the program has sufficient privileges to allow it to overwrite the bookkeeping data used by the kernel's memory allocator, the corruption can cause ...
Protection may encompass all accesses to a specified area of memory, write accesses, or attempts to execute the contents of the area. An attempt to access unauthorized [a] memory results in a hardware fault, e.g., a segmentation fault, storage violation exception, generally causing abnormal termination of the offending process.
[7] [8] For example, a stack buffer overflow can overwrite the return address of a subroutine with an invalid value, which will cause, e.g., a segmentation fault, when the subroutine returns. However, if an exploit overwrites the return address with a valid value, the code in that address will be executed.
Valgrind (/ ˈ v æ l ɡ r ɪ n d /) [6] is a programming tool for memory debugging, memory leak detection, and profiling.. Valgrind was originally designed to be a freely licensed memory debugging tool for Linux on x86, but has since evolved to become a generic framework for creating dynamic analysis tools such as checkers and profilers.