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An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also referred to as a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an electromagnetic field, as an electric field, as a magnetic field, or as a conducted electric current.
The need for public institutions addressing environmental issues in Nigeria became a necessity in the aftermath of the 1988 toxic waste affair in Koko, Nigeria. [9] This prompted the government, led by President Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, to promulgate Decree 58 of 1988, establishing the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) as the country's environmental watchdog.
A variant of this is the high altitude EMP (HEMP) nuclear weapon, designed to create the pulse as its primary destructive effect. Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons. Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular pulse trains, include: Electric motors; Electrical ignition systems, such as in gasoline engines.
An EMP has a smaller effect on shorter lengths of an electrical conductor. Other factors affect the vulnerability of electronics as well, so no hard cutoff length determines whether some piece of equipment will survive. However, small electronic devices, such as wristwatches and cell phones, would most likely withstand an EMP. [43]
This type of battery is also referred to as a lithium-ion battery [1] and is most commonly used for electric vehicles and electronics. [1] The first type of lithium battery was created by the British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham in the early 1970s and used titanium and lithium as the
Oil pipeline. Most of the oil infrastructure is old and lacks regular inspection or maintenance. [4] Half of all spills occur due to pipeline and tanker corrosion and accidents (50%), other causes include sabotage (28%) and oil production operations (21%), with 1% of the spills being accounted for by inadequate or non-functional production equipment.
Seventy-nine percent have domestic and industrial water supply components, [3] while 33% have irrigation as a major use to which the stored water is put; 29% are for fisheries, 16% for recreation and 4% are also for hydro-electric power generation (HEP). The three largest hydropower dams are under operation and control the flow of the Niger and ...
Since 2020, there have been several controversies against the passing of the National Water Resources Bill. [3] Most of the rejection around the bill was based on its requirement for individuals to obtain license before they can access drill water which the populace believed should be free. [4] Part of the bill states that: