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Because aggressive bases like KOH damage the cuticle of the hair shaft, potassium hydroxide is used to chemically assist the removal of hair from animal hides. The hides are soaked for several hours in a solution of KOH and water to prepare them for the unhairing stage of the tanning process. This same effect is also used to weaken human hair ...
The Williamson reaction is also frequently used to prepare an ether indirectly from two alcohols. One of the alcohols is first converted to a leaving group (usually tosylate), then the two are reacted together. The alkoxide (or aryloxide) may be primary and secondary. Tertiary alkoxides tend to give elimination reaction because of steric hindrance.
For example, when 2-iodobutane is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH), but-2-ene is the major product and but-1-ene is the minor product. [ 1 ] More generally, Zaytsev's rule predicts that in an elimination reaction the most substituted product will be the most stable, and therefore the most favored.
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [1] [2] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis. When the carboxylate is long chain, its salt is called a soap. The saponification of ethyl acetate gives sodium acetate ...
The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes and carbon monoxide. Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid , 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. [ 1 ]
2 C 6 H 5 CHO + KOH → C 6 H 5 CH 2 OH + C 6 H 5 COOK. The process is a redox reaction involving transfer of a hydride from one substrate molecule to the other: one aldehyde is oxidized to form the acid, the other is reduced to form the alcohol. [3]
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
Zaitsev's rule helps to predict regioselectivity for this reaction type. In general, the reaction of a haloalkane with potassium hydroxide can compete with an S N 2 nucleophilic substitution reaction by OH − a strong, unhindered nucleophile. Alcohols are however generally minor products.