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Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
In a logical setting, one can use model-theoretic semantics to interpret Euler diagrams, within a universe of discourse. In the examples below, the Euler diagram depicts that the sets Animal and Mineral are disjoint since the corresponding curves are disjoint, and also that the set Four Legs is a subset of the set of Animals.
These include artificial intelligence, bionics, cognitive science, control theory, complexity science, computer science, information theory and robotics. Some aspects of modern artificial intelligence, particularly the social machine, are often described in cybernetic terms. [48]
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA) is a university textbook on artificial intelligence (AI), written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. It was first published in 1995, and the fourth edition of the book was released on 28 April 2020. [1]
Shannon made numerous contributions to the field of artificial intelligence, [2] writing papers on programming a computer for chess, which have been immensely influential. [24] [25] His Theseus machine was the first electrical device to learn by trial and error, being one of the first examples of artificial intelligence.
In artificial intelligence, symbolic artificial intelligence (also known as classical artificial intelligence or logic-based artificial intelligence) [1] [2] is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level symbolic (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search. [3]
Simple reflex agent Learning agent. A multi-agent system (MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. [1] Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. [2]
Artificial intelligence research has succeeded in developing many programs that are capable of intelligently solving particular problems. However, AI research has so far not been able to produce a system with artificial general intelligence -- the ability to solve a variety of novel problems, as humans do.