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PLAP is a tumor marker, especially in seminoma [8] [9] [10] and ovarian cancer (e.g., dysgerminoma). [11] PLAP is reliable only in non-smokers, as smoking interferes with measurement of PLAP, [12] since serum concentrations of PLAP are increased up to 10-fold in smokers and its measurement is therefore of little value in this group. [13]
Normal levels of ALP range from (44 to 147) U/L (units per liter) and significantly elevated levels may be an indication of conditions such as various types of cancer, bone diseases such as Paget disease, liver diseases such as hepatitis, blood disorders, or other conditions.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme in the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. It can also be found on the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, proximal convoluted tubule of the kidneys, bone, liver, and placenta. It plays an important role in lipid transposition in small intestines and calcification of bones. 50% of all the ...
Also, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases if there is active bone formation occurring, as the enzyme is a byproduct of osteoblast activity (such as the case in Paget's disease of bone). [59] The level of alkaline phosphatase is much more elevated in metastatic prostate cancer cells than non-metastatic prostate cancer cells. [60]
Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. [11] CA-125: Mainly ovarian cancer, [12] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. [13] Calcitonin: medullary thyroid carcinoma [14] Calretinin
The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer. Diseases of the bone, such as Paget's disease or hyperparathyroidism, diseases of blood cells, such as sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma or lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher's disease, will show moderately increased levels.
Only patients with measurable disease at baseline should be included in protocols where objective tumor response is the primary endpoint. Measurable disease – the presence of at least one measurable lesion. If the measurable disease is restricted to a solitary lesion, its neoplastic nature should be confirmed by cytology/histology.
In human serum, the bone ALP (BALP) and liver ALP isoforms are the most abundant TNAP isoforms, in approximately a 1:1 ratio, comprising more than 90% of the total ALP activity. The remaining circulating ALP activity, 1–10%, is attributed mostly to intestinal ALP (IALP). Several different analytical methods for separation and quantification ...
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