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In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson ' box ', from Italian cassone ' large box ', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure. [1] It is used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ...
Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles) or cast-in-situ piles, a borehole is drilled into the ground, then concrete (and often some sort of reinforcing) is placed into the borehole to form the pile. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit ...
Screw foundations first appeared in the 1800s as pile foundations for lighthouses, [4] and were extensively used for piers in harbours. Between the 1850s through 1890s, more than 100 screw-pile lighthouses were erected on the east coast of the United States using screw piles. Made originally from cast or wrought iron, they had limited bearing ...
The caisson provides buoyancy during construction and towing and acts also as a foundation structure in the operation phase. Furthermore, the caisson could be used as storage volume for oil or other liquids. [1] Floating units may be held in position by anchored wires or chains in a spread mooring pattern.
Wood pilings grouped into a pair of dolphins serving as a protected entryway to a boat basin. A dolphin is a group of pilings arrayed together to serve variously as a protective hardpoint along a dock, in a waterway, or along a shore; as a means or point of stabilization of a dock, bridge, or similar structure; as a mooring point; and as a base for navigational aids.
A pile driver is a heavy-duty tool used to drive piles into soil to build piers, bridges, cofferdams, and other "pole" supported structures, and patterns of pilings as part of permanent deep foundations for buildings or other structures. Pilings may be made of wood, solid steel, or tubular steel (often later filled with concrete), and may be ...
Tiebacks are drilled into soil using a small diameter shaft, and usually installed at an angle of 15 to 45 degrees. [2] [1] They can be either drilled directly into a soldier pile, or through a wale installed between consecutive piles. Grouted tiebacks can be constructed as steel rods drilled through a concrete wall out into the soil or bedrock ...
The use of segmental lining installed by underpinning or caisson sunk to form a circular shaft; Incremental excavation with a shotcrete circular or elliptical lining; Incremental excavation supported by shotcrete, rock bolts, cable anchors and steel sets or ribs; Shafts can be sunk either dry or for methods such as the caisson method they can ...