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OpenIntro Statistics is an open-source textbook for introductory statistics, written by David Diez, Christopher Barr, and Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel. [ 1 ] The textbook is available online as a free PDF, as LaTeX source and as a royalty-free paperback.
A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and normal distributions, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, linear regression, and correlation. [68] Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of free statistics ...
Statistics is a field of inquiry that studies the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines , from the physical and social sciences to the humanities ; it is also used and misused for making informed decisions in all areas of business and government .
Mathematical statistics is the application of probability theory and other mathematical concepts to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. [1] Specific mathematical techniques that are commonly used in statistics include mathematical analysis , linear algebra , stochastic analysis , differential equations , and ...
The term statistics is ultimately derived from the Neo-Latin statisticum collegium ("council of state") and the Italian word statista ("statesman" or "politician"). The German Statistik , first introduced by Gottfried Achenwall (1749), originally designated the analysis of data about the state , signifying the "science of state" (then called ...
However, none of the main contributors were directly involved in the further development of the hybrid approach currently taught in introductory statistics. [6] Statistics subsequently branched out into various directions, including decision theory, Bayesian statistics, exploratory data analysis, robust statistics, and non-parametric statistics.
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the ...
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms.