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The reaction is used for the transfer of methyl and ethyl groups between benzene rings. This is of particular value in the petrochemical industry [1] to manufacture p-xylene, styrene, [2] and other aromatic compounds. Motivation for using transalkylation reactions is based on a difference in production and demand for benzene, toluene, and xylenes.
Gattermann-Koch reaction: named after German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch, the Gattermann-Koch reaction is a catalyzed formylation of alkylbenzenes with carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid. [5] Alkylbenzene sulfonation reaction: electrophilic addition of a sulfonic acid group onto the aromatic ring. [4]
Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E-or Z-isomers and volatile ethylene.
Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
Ethyltoluenes are prepared by alkylation of toluene with ethylene: CH 3 C 6 H 5 + CH 2 =CH 2 → CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH 2 CH 3. These alkylations are catalyzed by various Lewis acids, such as aluminium trichloride. 3- and 4-Ethyltoluenes are mainly of interest as precursors to methylstyrenes: CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH 2 CH 3 → CH 3 C 6 H 4 CH=CH 2 + H 2
The metabolism of o-toluidine involves many competing activating and deactivating pathways, including N-acetylation, N-oxidation, and N-hydroxylation, and ring oxidation. [22] 4-Hydroxylation and N-acetylation of toluidine are the major metabolic pathways in rats. The primary metabolism of o-toluidine takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Although, the need for sodium metal limits the functional group tolerance of the reaction, compared to more modern cyclization reactions (e.g. Yamaguchi esterification, ring-closing olefin metathesis), the acyloin condensation continues to be used in the synthesis of complex natural products for the preparation of challenging ring systems. [9]
Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed from a single nonaromatic precursor. Typically aromatization is achieved by dehydrogenation of existing cyclic compounds, illustrated by the conversion of cyclohexane into benzene.