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Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used to prevent breast cancer in women and men. [13] It is also being studied for other types of cancer. [13] It has been used for Albright syndrome. [14] Tamoxifen is typically taken daily by mouth for five years for breast cancer. [14]
Tamoxifen is a pure antiestrogenic trans-isomer and has differential actions at estrogen target tissues throughout the body. Tamoxifen is selectively antiestrogenic in the breast but estrogen-like in bones and endometrial cancer. [24] Tamoxifen undergo phase I metabolism in the liver by microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
[5] [7] It has estrogenic effects in bone, the liver, and the uterus and antiestrogenic effects in the breasts. [6] [8] [9] [5] It is a triphenylethylene derivative and is closely related to tamoxifen. [10] Toremifene was introduced for medical use in 1997. [11] [12] It was the first antiestrogen to be introduced since tamoxifen in 1978. [13]
Tamoxifen may be used to treat gynecomastia in adults and of the medical treatments used, tamoxifen is the most effective. [61] [62] Recent studies have shown that treatment with tamoxifen may represent a safe and effective mode of treatment in cases of cosmetically disturbing or painful gynecomastia.
Empirically many medical approaches have been tried including clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen, HMG, FSH, HCG, testosterone, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, anti-oxidants, carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, zinc, high-protein diets. In a number of pilot studies some positive results have been obtained. Clomiphene citrate has been used with modest success. [15]
Antiestrogens include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen, clomifene, and raloxifene, the ER silent antagonist and selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) fulvestrant, [6] [7] aromatase inhibitors (AIs) like anastrozole, and antigonadotropins including androgens/anabolic steroids, progestogens, and GnRH analogues.
Whether you’re a senior in high school or a senior-living resident, you’ve likely heard of Viagra (sildenafil) — the original medication for ED. Most men and women know at least vaguely what ...
Clomifene citrate (Clomid is a common brand name) is the medication which is most commonly used to treat anovulation. It is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis to respond as if there was an estrogen deficit in the body, in effect increasing the production of follicle-stimulating hormone.