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The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth Century City (Academic Press, 1979). Graff, Harvey J. ed. Literacy and social development in the West: A reader (Cambridge UP, 1981), scholarly studies of many countries; Guzzetti, Barbara, ed. Literacy in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Theory, and Practice (ABC-CLIO, 2002)
John Berry Meachum, a black pastor, who created a Floating Freedom School in 1847 on the Mississippi River to circumvent anti-literacy laws. [30] James Milton Turner attended his school. Margaret Crittendon Douglass, a white woman who published a memoir after she was imprisoned in Virginia in 1853 for teaching free black children to read. [31]
Anti-literacy laws for both free and enslaved black people had been in force in many southern states since the 1830s, [7] The widespread illiteracy made it urgent that high on the African-American agenda was creating new schooling opportunities, including both private schools and public schools for black children funded by state taxes. The ...
In 1838, Virginia's free black population petitioned the state, as a group, to send their children to school outside of Virginia to bypass its anti-literacy law. They were refused. [8] In some cases, slaveholders ignored the laws. They looked the other way when their children played school and taught their slave playmates how to read and write.
Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States in percentage of the population. The United States census enumerated Whites and Blacks since 1790, Asians and Native Americans since 1860 (though all Native Americans in the U.S. were not enumerated until 1890), "some other race" since 1950, and "two or more races" since 2000. [2]
OPINION: Black literature serves as a testament to the resilience and triumphs of a people who have endured the harshest of adversities throughout history. By banning Black books, society risks ...
A New Kind of Youth: Historically Black High Schools and Southern Student Activism, 1920–1975 (2022) summary; Harlan, Louis R. "The Southern Education Board and the race issue in public education." Journal of Southern History 23.2 (1957): 189–202. online
And in California, the suspension rate for Black students fell from 13% in 2013 to 9% a decade later — still three times higher than the white suspension rate.