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Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a method used to determine the risk for the fetus being born with certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This testing analyzes small DNA fragments that circulate in the blood of a pregnant woman. [ 4 ]
By comparison, in the same 4000 women, a screening test that has a 99% sensitivity and a 0.5% false positive rate would detect all 10 positives while telling 20 normal women that they are positive. Therefore, 30 women would undergo a confirmatory invasive procedure and 10 of them (33%) would be confirmed as positive and 20 would be told that ...
Disease testing: Whether the sex of the fetus is male or female allows the determination of the risk of a particular X-linked recessive genetic disorder in a particular pregnancy, especially where the mother is a genetic carrier of the disorder.
Some tests, like those for GJB2 mutations linked to hereditary deafness, might lead to requests for PGD to avoid or favor these traits. Ethical concerns include potential harm to affected communities, such as the deaf. Similar questions would arise with a genetic test for sexual orientation, raising concerns about discrimination.
The genetics and abortion issue is an extension of the abortion debate and the disability rights movement.Since the advent of forms of prenatal diagnosis, such as amniocentesis and ultrasound, it has become possible to detect the presence of congenital disorders in the fetus before birth.
Rh sensitization typically does not cause problems during the first pregnancy of an Rh negative woman. [19] However, in a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh positive fetus, the formed antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of the fetus, a process called Rh isoimmunization that can result in a condition known as Rhesus ...
Testing Women, Testing the Fetus by Rayna Rapp is a book, published in 1999, about analysis of the social repercussions of prenatal genetic testing.Rapp combines the data she collected herself with historical context of amniocentesis and genetic counseling to argue that amniocentesis and those abortions following positive test results is a social decision as much as an individual one.
The hemoglobin alkaline denaturation test can detect the presence of maternal blood, which is indicated by a color change from red to brown when the sample is added to alkali reagent. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Blood typing would also detect maternal blood, as the I antigen only occurs in adults. [ 12 ]