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Higher-order theories of consciousness propose that a mental state becomes conscious when it is the object of a higher-order representation, such as a thought or perception about that state. These theories argue that consciousness arises from a relationship between lower-order mental states and higher-order awareness of those states.
Consciousness can have various meanings, and some aspects play significant roles in science fiction and the ethics of artificial intelligence: Sentience (or "phenomenal consciousness"): The ability to "feel" perceptions or emotions subjectively, as opposed to the ability to reason about perceptions.
The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of computer science [1] that explores artificial intelligence and its implications for knowledge and understanding of intelligence, ethics, consciousness, epistemology, [2] and free will.
The philosophy of sentientism grants degrees of moral consideration to all sentient beings, primarily humans and most non-human animals. If artificial or alien intelligence show evidence of being sentient, this philosophy holds that they should be shown compassion and granted rights.
According to Antonio Damasio, sentience is a minimalistic way of defining consciousness, which otherwise commonly and collectively describes sentience plus further features of the mind and consciousness, such as creativity, intelligence, sapience, self-awareness, and intentionality (the ability to have thoughts about something). These further ...
Book cover of the 1979 paperback edition. Hubert Dreyfus was a critic of artificial intelligence research. In a series of papers and books, including Alchemy and AI, What Computers Can't Do (1972; 1979; 1992) and Mind over Machine, he presented a pessimistic assessment of AI's progress and a critique of the philosophical foundations of the field.
Jonathan Birch is a British philosopher and professor of philosophy at the London School of Economics and Political Science.His work addresses the philosophy of biology and behavioural sciences, especially questions concerning sentience, bioethics, animal welfare, and the evolution of social behaviour and social norms.
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]