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In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis.
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
The stent is removed by cystoscopy, an outpatient procedure. Cystoscopy involves placement of a small flexible tube through the urethra (the hole where urine exits the body). The procedure, which usually takes only a few minutes and causes little discomfort, is performed in an outpatient clinic or ambulatory surgery centre.
Ultrasound of the urinary tract involves the use of an ultrasound probe to image parts of the urinary tract.The urinary tract is the path that urine follows after it is formed within the kidneys, and involves a left and right ureter, the bladder, and the urethra.
Cystourethrography is a radiographic, fluoroscopic medical procedure that is used to visualize and evaluate the bladder and the urethra. [1] Voiding and positive pressure cystourethrograms help to assess lower urinary tract trauma, reflux, suspected fistulas, and to diagnose urinary retention.
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People with Mitrofanoff channels can expect a lifetime of annual testing to evaluate their urological health. [5] These tests may include: a scan of the bladder, kidneys, and ureters [5] a cystoscopy, an examination of the bladder using a camera [5] blood tests to check the kidney and liver [5]
Because a pyelogram involves cystoscopy, it may cause sepsis, infection or bleeding, [13] and may also cause nausea and vomiting. [13] The dye may also be toxic to the kidneys. [13] Before the procedure, a person is usually asked to complete a safety check assessing for potential risks, such as pregnancy or allergy. [13]