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It is a multi-step nitrogen fixation reaction that uses electrical arcs to react atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) with oxygen (O 2), ultimately producing nitric acid (HNO 3) with water. [1] The resultant nitric acid was then used as a source of nitrate (NO 3 −) in the reaction + + + which may take place in the presence of water or another proton ...
A solution of nitric acid, water and alcohol, nital, is used for etching metals to reveal the microstructure. ISO 14104 is one of the standards detailing this well known procedure. [45] Nitric acid is used either in combination with hydrochloric acid or alone to clean glass cover slips and glass slides for high-end microscopy applications. [46]
Another method involves the reaction of urea, nitric acid and sulfuric acid: [54] 2 (NH 2) 2 CO + 2 HNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 → 2 N 2 O + 2 CO 2 + (NH 4) 2 SO 4 + 2 H 2 O. Direct oxidation of ammonia with a manganese dioxide-bismuth oxide catalyst has been reported: [55] cf. Ostwald process. 2 NH 3 + 2 O 2 → N 2 O + 3 H 2 O
The Vemork hydroelectric plant in Norway used its surplus electricity output to generate renewable nitric acid from 1911 to 1971, [18] requiring 15 MWh/ton of nitric acid. The same reaction is carried out by lightning, providing a natural source of soluble nitrates. [19] Natural gas remains the lowest cost method.
In the air, coronas generate gases such as ozone (O 3) and nitric oxide (NO), and in turn, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and thus nitric acid (HNO 3) if water vapor is present. These gases are corrosive and can degrade and embrittle nearby materials, and are also toxic to humans and the environment.
Ozone from barium peroxide and concentrated sulfuric acid; Nitric oxide from copper turnings and diluted nitric acid; Nitrogen dioxide from copper turnings and concentrated nitric acid; Ammonia from magnesium nitride and water, deuterated ammonia when heavy water is used; [1] also from calcium oxide and solution of ammonium chloride
If it is condensed from steam, it may have traces of the various boiler water treatment chemicals. If it is condensed from furnace exhaust gases, it may be acidic, containing sulfuric acid or nitric acid as a result of sulfur and nitrogen dioxides in the exhaust gas stream. Steam and exhaust condensate is usually hot.
Ozone is still used extensively in industrial air and water treatment. [8] Early 20th-century attempts at commercial nitric acid and ammonia production used DBDs [18] as several nitrogen-oxygen compounds are generated as discharge products. [4]