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It is a primary metabolite of cocaine, [1] and is pharmacologically inactive. [2] It is the corresponding carboxylic acid of cocaine, its methyl ester. It is formed in the liver by the metabolism of cocaine by hydrolysis, catalysed by carboxylesterases, and subsequently excreted in the urine. It is readily synthesised by boiling cocaine ...
The Liebermann reagent named after Hungarian chemist Leo Liebermann (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of potassium nitrite and concentrated sulfuric acid. [1] [2] 1 g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mL of sulfuric acid. [3]
A drug test (also often toxicology screen or tox screen) is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva—to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites.
Acton, the Court had sustained drug testing under the special needs doctrine in light of the subjects' consent; in Chandler v. Miller, the Court had struck down drug testing under the special needs doctrine despite the subjects' consent. In all four of those cases, the fact that the subjects consented lessened the invasion on the subjects' privacy.
b, P < 0.01 compared with (—)-cocaine (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test) c Lidocaine was found to have a value of 39.6 ± 2.4, the weakest of all tested. d Same reference gives 25.9 ± 2.4 μM for (+)-cocaine and 13.6 ± 1.3 μM for norcocaine.
The book investigates cocaine from the chewing of the coca leaf to the large scale trafficking of cocaine into the United States. [1] [2] Streatfeild goes into lucid detail about the history that the coca leaf had with the Native Americans and their Spanish overlords. [3] He also investigates the life and impact of the world's most famous ...