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Some preliminary research suggested that citicoline may reduce the rates of death and disability following an ischemic stroke. [6] [7] However, the largest citicoline clinical trial to date (a randomised, placebo-controlled, sequential trial of 2,298 patients with moderate-to-severe acute ischaemic stroke in Europe), found no benefit of administering citicoline on survival or recovery from ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, [5] is a protein [6] that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. [7] [8] BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4/NT-5.
Animal studies have also demonstrated its efficacy in reducing the damage associated with moderate traumatic brain or spinal injury, and also ischaemia-induced brain injury. In particular, it has been demonstrated to reduce neuronal losses and to improve cognitive and neurological outcomes associated with these traumatic events.
The GDNF gene encodes a highly conserved neurotrophic factor. The recombinant form of this protein was shown to promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in culture, and was able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. GDNF is synthesized as a 211 amino acid-long protein precursor, pro-GDNF. [9]
In the mature nervous system, they promote neuronal survival, induce synaptic plasticity, and modulate the formation of long-term memories. [2] Neurotrophic factors also promote the initial growth and development of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system , and they are capable of regrowing damaged neurons in test ...
It has a distinct pattern of expression in the brain, and its induction has been shown to be associated with neuronal activity. Several studies suggest it has a role in neuronal plasticity. [6] EGR-1 is an important transcription factor in memory formation. It has an essential role in brain neuron epigenetic reprogramming.
NeuroAiD I, or MLC601, is composed of nine herbal components (astragalus root, Salvia miltiorrhiza root, chishao, rhizome lovage, Angelica sinensis root, safflower, peach, thinleaf milkwort root, and grassleaf sweet flag rhizome) and five components derived from animals (Hirudo medicinalis, Eupolyphaga seu steleophaga, Calculus bovis artifactus, Buthus martensii, and Cornu saigae tataricae). [9]
Lidocaine alters signal conduction in neurons by prolonging the inactivation of the fast voltage-gated Na + channels in the neuronal cell membrane responsible for action potential propagation. [ 11 ] [ 48 ] With sufficient blockage, the voltage-gated sodium channels will not open and an action potential will not be generated.