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Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places; for example, the party on one's 7th birthday. [ 1 ]
Tulving's 1983 book Elements of Episodic Memory elaborated on these concepts, and has been cited over 9000 times. [15] According to Tulving, the ability to travel back and forward in time mentally is unique to humans and this is made possible by the autonoetic consciousness and is the essence of episodic memory. [16]
Under declarative memory resides semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory refers to memory that is encoded with specific meaning. [2] Meanwhile, episodic memory refers to information that is encoded along a spatial and temporal plane. [11] [12] [13] Declarative memory is usually the primary process thought of when referencing memory. [2]
In psychology, mental time travel is the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past (episodic memory) as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future (episodic foresight/episodic future thinking). The term was coined by Thomas Suddendorf and Michael Corballis, [1] building on Endel Tulving's work on episodic memory. [2]
Numerous theoretical accounts of memory have differentiated memory for facts and memory for context.Psychologist Endel Tulving (1972; 1983) further defined these two declarative memory conceptions of explicit memory (in which information is consciously registered and recalled) into semantic memory wherein general world knowledge not tied to specific events is stored and episodic memory ...
[8] [9] [10] Access to episodic memory can be impeded, [4] while the degree of impairment to short term memory, semantic memory and procedural memory is thought to vary among cases. [5] If other memory processes are affected, they are usually much less severely affected than retrograde autobiographical memory, which is taken as the hallmark of ...
The next major development in the study of memory recall was Endel Tulving's proposition of two kinds of memory: episodic and semantic. Tulving described episodic memory as a memory about a specific event that occurred at a particular time and place, for example what you got for your 10th birthday.
In his SPI model, Tulving stated that encoding into episodic and semantic memory is serial, storage is parallel, and retrieval is independent. [2] By this model, events are first encoded in semantic memory before being encoded in episodic memory; thus, both systems may have an influence on the recognition of the event. [2]