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Forkhead box protein 3 as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of Treg cells. Foxp3 polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in cancer progression like gastric cancer through influencing Tregs function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10 , IL-35 , and TGF-β . [ 37 ]
Ion channel linked receptors are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na +, K +, Ca 2+, and/or Cl − to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter. [25] [26] [27]
An antagonist is a chemical that acts within the body to reduce the physiological activity of another chemical substance (such as an opiate); especially one that opposes the action on the nervous system of a drug or a substance occurring naturally in the body by combining with and blocking its nervous receptor.
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. [1]
IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T cells. In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding, [13] as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. [14] The protein is secreted as a single glycosylated polypeptide, and cleavage of a signal sequence is required for its activity. [13]
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell. [1] This can be contrasted with paracrine signaling, intracrine signaling, or classical endocrine signaling.
Neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons.Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the gut, muscles, and heart.
A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones , enzymes , toxins , and antimicrobial peptides . Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.