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Ecological economics, bioeconomics, ecolonomy, eco-economics, or ecol-econ is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially. [1]
Static equilibrium (economics), the intersection of supply and demand in any market; Sunspot equilibrium, an economic equilibrium in which non-fundamental factors affect prices or quantities; Underemployment equilibrium, a situation in Keynesian economics with a persistent shortfall relative to full employment and potential output
Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited ...
The mainstream view is that market economies are generally believed to be closer to efficient than other known alternatives [4] and that government involvement is necessary at the macroeconomic level (via fiscal policy and monetary policy) to counteract the economic cycle – following Keynesian economics.
Biological constraints are factors which make populations resistant to evolutionary change. One proposed definition of constraint is "A property of a trait that, although possibly adaptive in the environment in which it originally evolved, acts to place limits on the production of new phenotypic variants."
Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology.It defines a framework of contests, strategies, and analytics into which Darwinian competition can be modelled.
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physics, biology, meteorology, mathematics and geography (including ecology, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
In economics, structural change is a shift or change in the basic ways a market or economy functions or operates. [1]Such change can be caused by such factors as economic development, global shifts in capital and labor, changes in resource availability due to war or natural disaster or discovery or depletion of natural resources, or a change in political system.