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t. e. The historiography of India refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to develop a history of India. In recent decades there have been four main schools of historiography in how historians study India: Cambridge, Nationalist, Marxist, and subaltern. The once common "Orientalist" approach, with ...
For the modern-day Republic of India, see Science and technology in India. For modern-day Pakistan, see Science and technology in Pakistan. The history of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent begins with the prehistoric human activity of the Indus Valley Civilisation to the early Indian states and empires.
Arthashastra Books 2.10, 6-7, 10 A notable structure of the treatise is that while all chapters are primarily prose, each transitions into a poetic verse towards its end, as a marker, a style that is found in many ancient Hindu Sanskrit texts where the changing poetic meter or style of writing is used as a syntax code to silently signal that the chapter or section is ending. All 150 chapters ...
The views of Hindu creationism are based on the Vedas, which depict an extreme antiquity of the universe and history of the earth. [14][15] The emergence of modern Vedic creationism has been linked to Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of Arya Samaj. [16] In his Satyarth Prakash, Saraswati promoted anti-evolutionary views and took a literal ...
The trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society postulates a tripartite ideology (" idéologie tripartite ") reflected in the existence of three classes or castes— priests, warriors, and commoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the economic, respectively.
The development of Indian logic dates back to the Chandahsutra of Pingala and anviksiki of Medhatithi Gautama (c. 6th century BCE); the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini (c. 5th century BCE); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism (c. 6th century BCE to 2nd century BCE); the analysis of inference by Gotama (c. 6th century BC to 2nd century CE), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu ...
Its primary sources, along with commentaries by Charvaka scholars, are missing or lost. This reliance on indirect sources raises the question of reliability and whether there was a bias and exaggeration in representing the views of Charvakas.
Nyāya (the "Logic" school), a philosophy which focuses on logic and epistemology. It accepts four kinds of Pramā (valid presentation): (1) perception, (2) inference, (3) comparison or analogy, (4) word or testimony. [25] Nyāya defends a form of direct realism and a theory of substances (dravya).