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Clonidine. Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A -adrenergic agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
Xylazine is a structural analog of clonidine and an α 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, [1] sold under many trade names worldwide, most notably the Bayer brand name Rompun, [2] as well as Anased, Sedazine and Chanazine.
Clonidine, an alpha-2 receptor agonist, is another drug that has found use as an analgesic adjuvant. [81] In 2021, researchers described a novel type of pain therapy — a CRISPR-dCas9 epigenome editing method for repressing Na v 1.7 gene expression which showed therapeutic potential in three mouse models of chronic pain.
Chlorpromazine is in the typical antipsychotic class, [6] and, chemically, is one of the phenothiazines. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but is believed to be related to its ability as a dopamine antagonist. [6] It has antiserotonergic and antihistaminergic properties.
Mechanism of action: Hydrocodone acts primarily as an agonist at the mu-opioid receptors, but is also a weak agonist against the delta opioid and kappa opioid receptors. [15] Absorption/distribution: The oral formulation can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and remain 20–50% bound to plasma proteins. [15]
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist: a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids. [13] For example, it is used to restore breathing after an opioid overdose. [13] Effects begin within two minutes when given intravenously, five minutes when injected into a muscle, [13] and ten minutes as a nasal spray. [14]
Guanfacine. Guanfacine, sold under the brand name Tenex (immediate-release) and Intuniv (extended-release) among others, is an oral alpha-2a agonist medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high blood pressure. [3][9] Guanfacine is FDA-approved for monotherapy treatment of ADHD, [3] as well as being used for ...
Parasympathomimetic drug. A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug[1] or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, [2] is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). [3][2] These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS. [1 ...